小学英语语法:现在完成时

标签：小学英语学习大全,http://www.jiaoshi66.com 小学英语语法:现在完成时,

　　一般过去时和现在完成时 用法

　　补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果

　　过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态

　　[编辑本段]句型

　　基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

　　①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

　　②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

　　③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

　　④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)

　　[编辑本段]过去分词

　　1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

　　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

　　work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

　　(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。

　　live---lived---lived ,

　　(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。

　　study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,

　　play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed

　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。

　　stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

　　2 、不规则动词：

　　AAA型

　　原型 过去式 过去分词

　　burst burst burst

　　cast cast cast

　　cost cost cost

　　cut cut cut

　　hit hit hit

　　hurt hurt hurt

　　put put put

　　set set set

　　shut shut shut

　　spread spread spread

　　let let let

　　AAB型

　　beat beat beaten

　　ABA型

　　become became become

　　run ran run

　　come came come

　　特殊情况

　　read read read

　　read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/

　　ABB型

　　bring brought brought

　　buy bought bought

　　build built built

　　burn burnt burnt

　　catch caught caught

　　dig dug dug

　　feel felt felt

　　fight fought fought

　　find found found

　　hear heard heard

　　hold held held

　　keep kept kept

　　lay laid laid

　　lead led led

　　lose lost lost

　　make made made

　　meet met met

　　sell sold sold

　　shoot shot shot

　　sit sat sat

　　stand stood stood

　　sweep swept swept

　　teach taught taught

　　tell told told

　　think thought thought

　　win won won

　　ABC型

　　begin began begun

　　blow blew blown

　　break broke broken

　　choose chose chosen

　　draw drew drawn

　　drive drove driven

　　drink drank drunk

　　fly flew flown

　　forgive forgave forgiven

　　forget forgot forgotten

　　freeze froze frozen

　　give gave given

　　grow grew grown

　　know knew known

　　ride rode ridden

　　rise rose risen

　　ring rang rung

　　shake shook shaken

　　sing sang sung

　　sink sank sunk

　　swim swam swum

　　throw threw thrown

　　write wrote written

　　[编辑本段]用法

　　(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.

　　I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)

　　Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)

　　Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)

　　He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)

　　(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用.

　　Mary has been ill for three days.

　　I have lived here since 1998.

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　　注(超重要)：瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词

　　come-be

　　go out-be out

　　finish-be over

　　open-be open

　　die-be dead

　　………………

　　1.have代替buy

　　My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

　　2、用keep或have代替borrow

　　I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

　　3、用be替代become

　　How long has your sister been a teacher?

　　4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

　　Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

　　5、用wear代替put on

　　b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词

　　1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill

　　3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep

　　5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave

　　7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut

　　9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose

　　c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词

　　1“be+on”代start,begin

　　2“be+up”代get up

　　3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to

　　4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等

　　d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词

　　1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to

　　2.用be in the army 代替join the army

　　3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

　　常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：

　　1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.

　　→have been in sw./at…相应的介词

　　2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back

　　3. have come/gone out →have been out

　　4. have become → have been

　　5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open

　　6. have got up → have been up;

　　7. have died → have been dead;

　　8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.

　　9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep;

　　10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over;

　　11. havemarried → have been married;

　　12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ;

　　13. have begun → have been on

　　14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had

　　15. have lost → haven’t had

　　16. have put on →have worn

　　17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold;

　　18. have got to know → have known

　　19. have/has gone to → have been in

　　20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army

　　→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…

　　注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语)

　　如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.

　　2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

　　,如already(肯定), yet(否定，疑问), just, before, recently,still, lately等:

　　He has already obtained a scholarship.

　　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

　　We have seen that film before.

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